Contenido de carotenoides en Ulva lactuca cultivada bajo condiciones de acuicultura y recolectada de lechos intermareales en el sureste de Brasil: implicaciones biotecnológicas para el uso y almacenamiento de biomasa
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Ulva lactuca es una macroalga verde comestible (Chlorophyta) que puede ser producida en sistemas de cultivo, la cual es una fuente natural de moléculas de gran valor. Ulva lactuca produce metabolitos, incluyendo carotenoides, que son pigmentos con propiedades antioxidantes muy demandados en las industrias de salud y nutracéuticas, que mejoran la calidad nutricional de U. lactuca. Estudiamos el contenido de carotenoides y clorofilas en talos de U. lactuca recolectados en 3 ambientes del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil: en lechos intermareales de las playas urbanas Arpoador y Boa Viagem y en una instalación continental de acuicultura multitrófica integrada (AMTI). La conservación de los carotenoides se evaluó durante 1, 2 y 4 semanas de almacenamiento. Comparamos pigmentos de U. lactuca fresca recolectada en la estación seca (julio de 2018) y en la de lluvias (febrero de 2019). Los contenidos de carotenoides, como β-caroteno + zeaxantina, luteína + anteraxantina, violaxantina, neoxantina y sus derivados (aurocrómo y auroxantina), fueron analizados en extractos de acetona 100% mediante espectrofotometría ultravioleta-visible (UV/vis) y monitoreados mediante cromatografía en capa fina (CCF) y resonancia magnética nuclear de protón (RMN-¹H). Los extractos de U. lactuca seca proveniente del AMTI presentaron mayores rendimientos de pigmentos que la biomasa seca de los lechos intermareales. Durante las 4 semanas de almacenamiento, los carotenoides fueron conservados en la U. lactuca proveniente del AMTI; la biomasa de U. lactuca de lechos intermareales mostró pérdidas de carotenoides. Observamos diferencias en el contenido de carotenoides entre la estación seca y la de lluvias en la U. lactuca de la playa de Boa Viagem. Sin embargo, la U. lactuca de la playa de Arpoador o la instalación AMTI exhibió diferencias significativas solo en el contenido de clorofila. Concluimos que la U. lactuca proveniente del AMTI constituye una fuente potencial de pigmentos como β-caroteno, luteína y violaxantina.
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