Distribución y actividad potencial de bacterias desnitrificantes aerobias aisladas de sedimentos de una laguna costera al noroeste de México
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La desnitrificación es la principal vía por la cual el nitrógeno fijado se pierde en los sistemas marinos y consiste en la respiración secuencial de nitrato a nitrógeno molecular a través de diversos microorganismos heterótrofos. Ya que los sedimentos estuarinos representan un nicho importante para la desnitrificación, este estudio evaluó la distribución y actividad potencial de bacterias desnitrificantes aerobias aisladas de sedimentos a 2 profundidades y en 2 hábitats (con pastos de Zostera marina y sin pastos) a lo largo de un transecto en la Bahía de San Quintín (México), así como su relación con diferentes parámetros ambientales. Se aislaron 1,611 bacterias, de las cuales 85.1% contuvieron alguno de los genes desnitrificantes (nirK, nirS o nosZ). Su distribución fue heterogénea en la bahía y estuvo influenciada principalmente por la textura, el pH, el carbono orgánico total y el nitrógeno total de los sedimentos, encontrándose una mayor abundancia de bacterias desnitrificantes en los sedimentos superficiales (66.2%). Los aislados desnitrificantes se clasificaron en 23 especies pertenecientes a γ-Proteobacteria (82.4% de los aislados), α Proteobacteria (7.9%), Bacilli (5.7%) y Actinobacteria (4%). Se comprobó la actividad desnitrificante en condiciones aerobias en 7 especies de bacterias portadoras de genes desnitrificantes: Paracoccus marcusii, Planococcus maritimus, Planococcus rifietoensis, Pseudomonas songnenensis, Psychrobacter alimentarius, Psychrobacter celer y Psychrobacter piscatorii. Los resultados sugieren que estos sedimentos presentan una elevada abundancia de bacterias cultivables con genes nirK, nirS o nosZ; sin embargo, en la mayoría no se pudo comprobar la actividad desnitrificante en condiciones aerobias, posiblemente debido a la inactividad de estos genes o de aquellos involucrados en la reducción de nitrato (nas, nar o nap). Este estudio representa el primer paso hacia el entendimiento de la ecología de los microorganismos involucrados en la desnitrificación aerobia en la Bahía de San Quintín y en las lagunas costeras en general.
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