Cephalopod paralarvae (Cephalopoda: Mollusca) in the neritic environment of the northern Colombian Pacific
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Knowledge of the ecological aspects of cephalopod paralarvae is essential to understand the composition and dynamics of their populations, as well as to identify spawning seasons and areas. In the northern Colombian Pacific (NCP), studies on this early life stage are scarce. The purpose of this study was to establish the taxonomic composition of paralarvae in the neritic environment of the NCP, quantify their abundance, and describe their spatio-temporal variation. A total of 315 zooplankton samples were collected through surface tows between January and November 2022 in 3 sectors. One hundred and two paralarvae were found in 16.5% of the samples and were classified into 4 families: Loliginidae, Octopodidae, Ommastrephidae, and Ancistrocheiridae. The presence of loliginid squid paralarvae and the Chango Octopus (Octopus cf. mimus) is reported for the first time in this region. The highest abundance values were recorded in March (>6 Pl·1,000 m⁻³) and coincided with the upwelling period, which suggests synchrony between reproductive events and the increase in biological productivity that favored paralarval survival. The distribution of the most representative groups was influenced by the ecological behavior of each family and the geomorphological characteristics of each sector. Octopodidae predominated in the northern and central NCP, where rocky bottoms and a narrow continental shelf are present, whereas Loliginidae were found in the southern sector, where the shelf is wider and sandy beaches predominate. The presence of early stages of commercially important groups suggests the importance of the NCP as a reproductive area for these cephalopods and highlights the need to deepen research on their reproductive biology and ecology. These findings provide the basis for understanding patterns of temporal variation in paralarval abundance in neritic environments of the Eastern Tropical Pacific.
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